Background and Objectives: It is generally accepted that the highest cost in software development is associated with the software maintenance phase. In corrective maintenance, the main task is correcting the bugs found by the users. These bugs are submitted by the users to a Bug Tracking System (BTS). The bugs are evaluated by the bug triager and assigned to the developers to correct them. To find a related developer to correct the bug, recent developers’ activities and previous bug fixes must be examined. This paper presents an automated method to assign bugs to developers by identifying similarity between new bugs and previously reported bug reports. Methods: For automatic bug assignment, four clustering techniques (i. e. Expectation-Maximization (EM), Farthest First, Hierarchical Clustering, and Simple Kmeans) are used where a tag is created for each cluster that indicates an associated developer for bug correction. To evaluate the quality of the proposed methods, the clusters generated by the methods are compared with the labels suggested by an expert triager. Results: To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we use realworld data of a large scale web-based system which is stored in the BTS of a software company. To select the appropriate algorithm for the clustering, the outputs of each clustering algorithm are compared to the labels suggested by the expert triager. The algorithm with closer output to the expert opinion is selected as the best algorithm. The results showed that EM and FarthestFirst clustering algorithms with 3% similarity error have the most similarity with the expert opinion. Conclusion: the results obtained by the algorithms show that we can successfully apply them for bug assignment in real-world software development environments.

Background & Objectives: Being prone to Low Back Pain (LBP) development is a concept in the field of back pain prevention. Those prone to develop LBP show differences in motor control patterns compared to those who are not. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare postural sway and duration of the stance phase of gait between 18-30 years old men prone to LBP and non-prone to LBP. Methods: The current study was observational and comparative. The statistical population comprised all the students living in the University of Tehran dormitory. Of whom, 33 individuals were selected purposefully based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were as follows: being 18-30 years old men,having body mass index of 18-30 kg/m 2, not working in a job in the last 12 months that required prolonged standing, lacking apparent musculoskeletal disorders in the trunk, upper and lower limbs,lacking any visual, vestibular, nervous, muscular, or pain problems affecting the balance,lacking LBP that causes any of the following outcomes: receiving medical interventions, absence of work for more than 3 days, and surgery in the waist, pelvis, and lower limbs. The exclusion criteria were as follows: report of low back pain at the beginning of long standing protocol, not able to complete the study questionnaire, score more than 13 in the Baecke physical activity questionnaire, score more than 13 in Borg scale (almost heavy work), and reluctant to finish the test. The study participants were divided into two groups: prone to develop low back pain (16 patients) and non-prone to develop LBP (17 patients) by performing active hip abduction test and reporting their pain based on the visual analog scale during the prolonged standing protocol. Postural sway and duration of the stance phase of gait were measured using the Biodex balance system and Foot Medisense device. Data analysis was done using the independent t test and Mann-Whitney U test in SPSS version 28 software, at a significance level of α, =0. 05. Results: The results showed no significant difference between the prone to LBP group and the non-prone group regarding the anterior-posterior stability index, the medial-lateral stability index, and the overall stability index( in both static and dynamic positions for all indexes) and duration of the stance phase of gait between low back pain developers and non-pain developers. Conclusion: It seems that people prone to develop LBP do not experience any changes in postural sway and duration of stance phase of gait before the onset of low back pain, and these variables may not be able to help identify those who are prone to develop low back pain.

New home buyers in United States are becoming more discriminating in their home buying decision. They are demanding quality construction at reasonable prices. The current state of construction market also gives construction buyers more ammunition to be more discriminate when they choose to purchase homes. To be competitive and remain in business, housing contractors and developers must meet the growing quality demands of the customers. Thus, the competition to meet the buyers' quality demand has forced many of them to rethink the ways they build their homes. The improved designs, and construction methods and practices have resulted into award-winning quality-built homes for many of these contractors. This study was conducted to examine the quality improvement characteristics of selected award-winning residential builders and housing developers in selected counties in North Carolina, U.S.A. Through a structured questionnaire, the researchers collected information relative to their common quality characteristics, organizational culture and overall business practices. Data analysis was performed using basic descriptive statistics. The results show that regular inspection of work in progress, feedback from customers, and immediate attention to punch list items, were highly ranked among the quality characteristics evaluated.